How to Judge the Reliability of Internet Information

Who is the author or sponsor of the page? On the page you are citing, or on a page linked to it, that individual or organization should be identified, that individual's qualifications should be apparent, and other avenues of verification should be open to you. For a good example of a reliable source, see "Notes about this document" for the hypertext version of Pride and Prejudice at <http://www.pemberley.com/janeinfo/pridprej.html>. On the other hand, a page created by a person or an organization that does not provide this information is not a good source to cite.

Are there obvious reasons for bias? If the page is presented by a tobacco company consortium, you should be suspicious of its reports on the addictiveness of nicotine. Is there any advertising? If the page is sponsored by Acme Track Shoes, you should be suspicious of its claims for Acme track shoes' performance.

Is contact information provided? If the only identification available is something cryptic, such as "Society for Ferruginous Retorts," be suspicious of the page's reliability. If the page is sponsored by a reputable person or organization, there should be some other way to verify that reputation, such as an e-mail or postal address. (Note that a tilde [~] in the page's address usually indicates a personal home page and may require more searching for reliability.)

Is there a copyright symbol on the page? If so, who holds the copyright?

Is this page a "zombie," or one considered "walking dead" because the person who posted it no longer maintains or updates it? Even though the information is "alive" in that it is still accessible, it is "dead" in that it could well be several years old!

What is the purpose of the page? Why is this information being posted--as information, as a public service, as a news source, as a research tool for academics, as a personal ax to grind, or as a way to gain attention?

How well organized is the page? Is the page easy to navigate? Is it complete? When was the page last updated? Is the information on it current? How credible are the links it provides?

Is the information on the page primary or secondary? That is, is it a report of facts, such as a medical researcher's article counting cases of "mad cow" disease in England in 1997, thus making it primary information, or is it an Internet newsgroup discussion about "mad cow" disease, thus making it secondary information? The papers and reports you write for your college classes need to be based on primary information whenever possible. The further away from the primary sources your own sources are, the less reliable the information is.

Can you verify the information on the Web page some other way? For example, can you check the page's bibliography (if there is one) against your library's holdings or check the information against a source in the library?

If you are worried that the information may lack credibility, try starting with a source you know is reputable. For example, if you have to do a project on the latest in cancer research, you can begin your search at major cancer research institutes, such as Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota .

Finally, remember that even though a page might not meet your standards as a citable source, it may help you generate good ideas or point to other usable sources. Also, be sure not to stop your search at the first page you find--shop around and do some comparing so that you can have points of reference

Emoticons

☹ ☺ ☻ ت ヅ ツ ッ シ Ü ϡ

≧✯◡✯≦✌  ≧◠◡◠≦✌  =☽  ≧◔◡◔≦   ≧◉◡◉≦   ≧✯◡✯≦   ≧❂◡❂≦   ≧^◡^≦   ≧°◡°≦   ≧◡≦   (─‿‿─)  ᵔ.ᵔ  :◅) ≕) ≔)  ≠)   |:-)   =)   :)   :-)   ;)   ;=)   ;-)  ж)  ^o^   ^.^   ^.^)   =^.^=   :*)   :->   (¬‿¬)
٩(●̮̮̃•)۶ ٩(̃-̮̮̃-)۶  (-̮̮̃•)۶ ٩(×̯×)۶ ٩(•̮̮̃-̃)۶ < (^,^)>
(≧◡≦)  乂⍲‿⍲乂 〷◠‿◠〷   '☋'  :=◑  ☋ Σ=) Ж-þ   ^^.  （‐＾▽＾‐）  =D  ЖD  ЖB=D   XD   X=D   ☜(*▽*)☞   ☜(˚▽˚)☞   ZB-D   \ ˚▽˚ /

=☾   :( =( =((   :-(   :[   :-C   ๏̯͡๏ ̃๏̯̃๏ ๏̯̃๏ 'Ω' ಠ_ರೃ
:'(   :'<   :"<   ◄.►   <:(   <:-(   <:'-(   <:"(   ╯.╰ಥ_ಥ   (╥﹏╥)   ͼ(ݓ_ݓ)ͽ   （ つ﹏╰）   /╯﹏╰\

:P   :b   =P   =b   =-P   =-b   :-P   :=b   :Þ   :-Þ   B-Þ   B=Þ   X-p  Ж-b   ≧ω≦

✿◕ ‿ ◕✿ ❀◕ ‿ ◕❀ ❁◕ ‿ ◕❁ ✾◕ ‿ ◕✾  (◡‿◡✿)  (✿◠‿◠)  ≧❀‿❀≦   -=#:-)   :-Ø   =ϕ   :-ϕ   :-Φ

ZB-Φ  ZB-Ø   B)   BD  Ж) Ж-D   XD   B-|   B┨ B-/

ύ.ὺ  :|   =|   :=|   (►.◄)  :┨

ὺ.ύ （`_ゝ´)   (｀_っ´)  ὸ.ό  m(><)m  > :(  > :-(  > :=(  > :)  > :-)  > :=)
> :=◑  > :=@  > BD  > XD  > B-<>  > B┨  »,« > :[P]  > .< (>‘o’)>
(ノಠ益ಠ)ノ 凸(¬‿¬)   ◣◢)┌∩┐

=U =Ш ⊙_☉ ⊙.☉ ❁_❁   ⊙.☉   ○.◎   ▧.▨   ❂.❂ @.@   ≥⁰,⁰≤   ≧⁰,⁰≦   Oo   O.o   O_o   ̃o.O (O.O) (̃⊙.o ⊙.◎)
:-O   :O   :-o   :o   :-X   :-Σ •ิ.•
< ('o'<)~ =Uૅ.ે
(~_^)  =➚  =✖ ό,ὸ  =I   :-I   :-1   =Ї  _*.*_   =$   :-#   :/   :\   =/   =\   :=/   :=\   (◐.̃◐)  ಠ_ಠ  *-*
(◑.◑)  ◭,◭   <(' .' )>   ^( '-' )^   v( ‘.’ )v   /˚,˚\   ♠_♦
                                    }:=/  =Ґ  =ґ  =Г  =г  =l   =L
 

O:)   O:-)   O:=)   ≧=ʘ‿ʘ=≦   3:)   }:-)   }:=)
}:(   3:=(   }:-(   3:<   }:-<

=♥   (♥♥,)  ❣ ➳♥  < 3  < /3   :-*   @>--;--   =Ø
@};---   웃❤유  ☜♡☞  

..^.^..zZzzZZ   @(ᵕ.ᵕ)@ > :[P]   :|]  > [:]  ◜☋◝ ツ♱ ♰ ⇨◎   ☞
№  :[:=:]:  ⇝ ⇪ εїз ε> ξ=}  ~:0   =^.^=  < ('o'<) ^( '-' )^ (>‘o’)>v( ‘.’ )v< (' .' )>< ('.'<)

=(_8^(1) (Homer Simpson)
(_8(|)   (another version)
|_P  (coffee)

//_^   (a_))   (emo)
< :3 )~  (mouse)
~,~  (sleeping)
O-\-<]:  (skater)
}-(((*>
(_T_)  (butt)
$_$
(*≗*)   (clown)
:▶   (Bandit)
v(*.*)^   (grooving)
%￭.￭%   (with curly hair)
☜☆☞   (superstar)
εїз Ƹ̴Ӂ̴Ʒ Ƹ̵̡Ӝ̵̨̄Ʒ (Butterflies)
[̲̅$̲̅(̲̅ιοο̲̅)̲̅$̲̅] (hundred bucks)
║█║▌║█║▌│║▌║▌█║ (bar code)
o==[]::::::::::::::::> (sword)
♪┏(・o･)┛♪┗ ( ･o･) ┓♪┏ ( ) ┛♪┗ (･o･ ) ┓♪┏(･o･)┛♪ (dancing)
ヽ(´ー`)人(´∇｀)人(`Д´)ノ (teamwork)
_|__(-.-) t(>.<t) 凸(¬‿¬)凸 ◣◢)┌∩┐ (flipping off - middle fingers)
(☞ﾟヮﾟ)☞ ☜(ﾟヮﾟ☜) (told you!)
o-3-<
ܔ(๏̯͡๏) ≧✯◡✯≦✌ (yo!)

ASCII art

----------------(\_/)
-(\(\----------(≧◡≦)
( =':')---<[:]|||||||[:]>
(..(")(")✿❀❁(")(")

• ˚ •˛•˚ * 。 • ˚ ˚ ˛ ˚ ˛ •
• ˚Happy★* 。 • ˚ ˚ ˛ ˚ ˛ •
•。★Holidays!★ 。* • ˚。
° 。 ° ˛˚˛ *__Π____*。*˚
˚ ˛ •˛•˚ */______/~＼。˚ ˚ ˛
˚˛ •˛• ˚ ｜ 田田 ｜門｜ ˚

(\__/) (>'.'<) (")_(")

,___, [O.o] /)__) -"--"-

╔♫╗────────╔═╦╗─♫╗╔╗─╔╗─♥── ║╩╠═╦═╦═╦╦╗║╚╠╬╦╣╚╣╚╦╝╠═╦╦╗ ║╦║╬║╬║╬║║║║╔║║╔╣╔╣║║╬║╬║║║ ╚╩╩╩╣╔╣╔╬╗║♫═╩╩╝╚═╩╩╩═╩╩╬╗║ ────♫╝╚╝╚═╝─────────────╚═♥ ஜ۩۞۩ஜ Friend's NAME ஜ۩۞۩ஜ

│▒│ /▒/ │▒│/▒/ │▒ /▒/─┬─┐ │▒│▒|▒│▒│ ┌┴─┴─┐-┘─┘ │▒┌──┘▒▒▒│ └┐▒▒▒▒▒▒┌┘ └┐▒▒▒▒┌┘

(¯`v´¯) .`·.¸.·´ ? ¸.·´¸.·´¨) ¸.·*¨) (¸.·´ (¸.·´ .·´ ¸

_____8888888888____________________ ____888888888888888_________________ __888888822222228888________________ _88888822222222288888_______________ 888888222222222228888822228888______ 888882222222222222288222222222888___ 8888822222222222222222222222222288__ _8888822222222222222222222222222_88_ __88888222222222222222222222222__888 ___888822222222222222222222222___888 ____8888222222222222222222222____888 _____8888222222222222222222_____888_ ______8882222222222222222_____8888__ _______888822222222222______888888__ ________8888882222______88888888____ _________888888_____888888888_______ __________88888888888888____________ ___________8888888888_______________ ____________8888888_________________ _____________88888__________________ ______________888___________________ _______________8____________________

ஜ۩۞۩ஜஜ۩۞۩ஜஜ۩۞۩ஜ █▄█ █ █▀█ █▄█ █▀█ █▀█ █▀█ █ █▀▀ █▀█ █▄█ █▀▀ ஜ۩۞۩ஜஜ۩۞۩ஜஜ۩۞۩ஜ

Ipod: ╔═══╗ ♪ ║███║ ♫ ║ (●) ♫ ╚═══╝♪♪ ʚϊɞ

( ) ( ) (* .*) (”__”)

.★/(,")\♥♥(".)★★ ..★/♥\★★/█\★★ .★_| |_★._| |_ ★

Mixed up

(●*∩_∩*●)(*^ -^*) (-''-)(¬¬)(◡‿◡✿) (◕‿◕✿)(✖╭╮✖)(≧◡≦)(✿◠‿◠) (◑‿◐)(◕‿-)✖‿✖(╥╥)ಠಠ(╯╰) (╯3╰)(╯▽╰)凸(¬‿¬)凸┌∩┐ (◣◢)┌∩┐(⊙▂⊙)(∪ ◡ ∪)(≧ω≦)o(≧o≦)o(⋋▂⋌) (•̪●)(॓॔) (╯ಊ╰)(─‿‿─)(⊙◎)d(--)bd|--|b‹(•¿•)›(╯5╰,)(∩5∩)(69:)(a◕‿◕a)(^o▽)^o(~▽)~
(6?6)(6ω6)(◑O◐)(∩▂∩)(¬▂¬)(a❤‿❤a)(✿ ♥‿♥)(a♥‿♥a)(^o❤‿❤)^o٩(͡๏̯͡๏)۶ ٩(-̮̮̃•̃)۶٩(̾●̮̮̃ ̾•̃̾)۶٩(-̮̮̃- ̃)۶\m/(>.<)\m/\m/^.^\m/(x(x_(X_x(O_o)x_x)X)x) ¯\(©¿©) /¯♥╣[--]╠♥◤(¬‿¬)◥